Calculations Without Brake Booster Engineering Essay

Calculations Without Brake booster Engineering EssayThe purpose of this compose judicial decision is to show that we understand how the braking system works in an automotive vehicle. We should be able to show a enjoin of specialized technical skills which call for a wide choice of standard and non standard procedures. I pass on also show you a broad knowledge base with substantial astuteness in close to atomic number 18as of the braking system. Here in this assignment I will also cover the determination of appropriate methods and procedures in response to a range of concrete problems with almost theoretical elements and apply it in self directed and sometimes directive activity, within broad general guidelines. By the end of this assessment I will have a wide understanding of how the braking design and braking system work within the automotive vehicle.A s authorise is a construction for softing or stopping the motion of a vehicle or a machine, and to make sure that it s tops moving. The kinetic energy lost by the moving part is usually translated to heat by friction. Alternatively, in regenerative braking, the energy is recovered and stored in a fly rove, capacitor or former(a) spin for afterwards use of goods and services.Brakes of some description are fitted to roughly wheeled vehicles, including automotive vehicles of all kinds, trains, motor bikes, and normal wheel bikes.The kinetic possessed by a vehicle at whatever one time into heat energy are by means of friction. The equations for kinetic energy, that is the energy of motion may be given byThe disc bracken is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel on a vehicle. A braking disc or commonly known as a rotor, is usually made up of brace and other metallic compounds, is connected to the wheel or the axle. To stop the wheel, the braking pads which are normally mounted in a device called a bracken caliper, which is then squeezed mechanically or hydraulically against the disc on both sides. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow down and stop according to the driver.A drum bracken is a pasture stop in which the friction is ca apply by a set of shoes or pads that press against the inner surface of a rotating drum. The drum is connected to a rotating wheel. The modern automotive vehicle drum brake was invented in 1902 by Louis Renault. In the first drum halt, the shoes were mechanically operated with levers and rods or cables. From the mid 1930s the shoes were operated with anele wring in a small wheel cylinder and pistons, though some vehicles continued with purely-mechanical systems for decades. Some designs have two wheel cylinders.Experiments with disc-style stop began in England in the 1980s the first ever automobile disc brakes were patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his factory in 1902, though it took another fractional century for his innovation to be widely adopted. The first designs resembling modern disc brakes began to appear in Britain in the late 1940s and early 1950s. They offered frequently greater stopping performance than comparable drum brakes, including much greater resistance to brake fade this is caused by the overheating of brake components, and were unaffected by immersion which is drum brakes were ineffective for some time after a water crossing, an im portant factor in off-road vehicles. Disc brakes are also more reliable than drum brakes due to the simplicity of their mechanics, the low number of parts compared to the drum brake, and ease of adjustment.Disc brakes were most popular on sports car when they were first introduced, since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Many early implementations located the brake disc inboard, near the contrastingial, only most discs to twenty-four hours are located inside the wheels. An inboard location turn offs the un-sprung weight and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires, important in verbal exp ression one racing. Discs have now become standard in most passenger vehicles, though some retain the use of drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a put brake or mite brake. As the front brakes perform most of the braking effort, this brush aside be a reasonable compromise.MechanismA virtuoso piston, floating caliper system.Pressurized brake fluid travels along the brake line to the caliper. The pressurized fluid pushes the piston (green) and inner brake pad against the disc which is normally blue. Pressure against the disc pushes the caliper out-of-door from the piston, pulling the outer brake pad against the disc. As the brake pads secure together, friction slows the rotation of the disc and wheel.Brake PadsThe world of Automotive Brakes pile be sooner overwhelming. The first task in choosing Automobile Brakes is making sure that you have the Automotive Brakes and parts that are cover specific to your vehicle whether it be a car, truck, van or whether the Automotive Brakes are to be installed on a two year doddering sedan or a rare classic. There is more to Automotive Brakes than parts that fit. Automotive Brakes also have to be skilful for the vehicles actual use. For example, Automotive Brakes required for off road or stop and go city delivery driving can be quite different than Automotive Brakes that are suited for ordinary family driving, up to now though all these brakes fit the job. Its a matter of finding the proper Automotive Brakes for your application.Brake PadsBrake BoosterUnless youre a professional athlete with tree trunks for legs, be grateful that your car has a brake booster station nestled between the brake master cylinder and firewall on your car. Your brake booster doesnt make any noise, and it doesnt use any electricity or gasoline, but it ensures that you can stop your car with only a dizzy touch of the brake pedal. Things werent always like that, Before the i nvention of the vacuum brake booster, cars still stopped. Its just that you had to really stomp on the brake pedal. The modern brake booster is an good device that operates using something that your engine generates whenever its running, Vacuum. The brake booster takes engine vacuum via a rubber hose that runs from the intake abstruse, and the brake booster uses that vacuum to amplify the pressure you put on the pedal. A light application of the brakes is translated by the brake booster into significantly more pressure on the brake master cylinder, ensuring that your car stops quickly.So what happens to the brake booster if your car stalls, resulting in a loss of engine vacuum?Early designers realized that gas engines were hardly foolproof, so they designed a poor check valve into the brake booster circuit. The brake booster stores enough vacuum to provide full boost for two or three pedal applications even after the engine dies. The check valve on the brake booster is what keeps that vacuum from leaking out. And speaking of leaks, thats the reason most brake booster units have to be replaced. As your brake booster ages, the rubber seals and diaphragms that hold the vacuum tend to wear out and crack.Brake BoosterCalculations without brake booster for 1 pot caliper information repulse apply 80NLength of brake pedal 340mmPedal movement 46mmdiameter of master cylinder 26mm piston spring bigness 15NPiston spring rate 8N/mmWheel diameter 0.30/ 250mm mensurate piston 46mmPedal ratio= Length of pedalPivot of brake booster= 340mm60mm= 5.666 exertion = Pedal movementPedal ratio= 46mm5.66= 8.127Drivers applied consequence = Applied force x pedal ratio= 80n x 5.66= 452.8NPiston force = (Pretension force + Rate of spring x movement of piston)= 452.8N (15n + 8N/m x8.127)= 452.8N 80.016= 372.784 NPressure = Force realm of piston= 372.784 N0.25TT D2= 372.784 N0.25TT (26 x 10 -3) 2= or 0.70 MpaCaliper force = Pressure x Area= 7021.35 Pa x 0.25 TT (46 x 10-3)2=1270.55Tr ansmitted force = Caliper force x Co- efficient of friction x number of pads= 1270.55N x 0.35 x 2= 8893.85 NTorque = Transmitted force x Effective Radius= 8893.85 N x 0.30 m= 266.79 NBrake CaliperThe brake caliper, a key component of your cars brake system, operates just like a small hydraulic clamp designed to grip the brake rotor and bring your car to a halt. If youve ever seen or worked on a brake caliper, you know what were lecture about. The brake caliper is a U-shaped device with a piston or pistons on one or both sides of the U. The brake pads ride on top of the brake caliper pistons, and the rotor spins in the channel of the U. When you hit the brakes, high-pressure fluid is channeled from the master cylinder down to the brake caliper where it pushes the piston or pistons inward. That brake caliper action moves the pads against the spinning brake rotor, and the friction stops your vehicle. Since the brake caliper is affixed to your vehicle frame and the rotor is spinning an d hundreds of RPM, its comfortable to imagine the massive forces that the brake caliper has to absorb. Much of the heat energy is dissipated by the rotor and pads which is why theyre replaced the most, but the pulling and twisting forces the brake caliper has to endure require that it be extremely strong. More than anything else, though, its the hydraulic brake fluid that leads to the demise of a brake caliper. If its not changed often enough, moisture in the fluid will begin to rust out the inside of your brake caliper, resulting in leaks and sticking pistons. Eventually the brake caliper will desert to function altogether, it will effect your cars stopping ability.CalipersThe brake caliper is the assembly which houses the brake pads and pistons. The pistons are usually made of aluminum or chrome plated fight There are two types of calipers floating or fixed. A fixed caliper does not move relative to the disc. It uses one or more pairs of pistons to clamp from each side of the disc, and is more complex and expensive than a floating caliper. A floating caliper (also called a sliding caliper) moves with respect to the disc a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad till it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake pad so pressure is applied to both sides of the disc.Floating caliper (single piston) designs are subject to failure due to sticking. This can occur due to mother fucker or corrosion if the vehicle is not operated. This can cause the pad attached to the caliper to rub on the disk when the brake is released. This can reduce fuel mileage and cause excessive wear on the effected pad.Brake caliperIn a vehicle the brake pedal in 360mm and the booster is connected 50mm from the pivot. The booster diaphragm is 220mm with the valve body of 52mm diameter the diaphragm return spring has a feigning force of 80N and rate of 12N/mm. The engine manifold pressure of 36Kpa and ambient pressure is 9 0Kpa. The master cylinder diameter is 26mm and return spring retention force is 15N and a rate of 8N/mm. the caster piston in 46mm and the co-efficient of friction between the 2 pads and the 250mm effective diameter disc are 0.30. The wheel diameter is 625 mm. fluids the tractive braking forces if the driver applied force of 80N and his fast moves 46mm.DataForce applied 80NLength of brake pedal 340mmPedal movement 46mmPivot of brake booster 50mmDiaphragm diameter 220mmValve body diameter 52mm echo rate 80NPre-tension of diaphragm spring 12N/mAmbient pressure 90kpaEngine manifold pressure 36kpaDiameter of master cylinder 26mmPiston spring pretension 15NPiston spring rate 8N/mmWheel diameter 625mm good Disc diameter 0.30/ 250mmCaliper piston 46mmCalculations with brake booster for 1 port caliperPedal ratio = Length of pedal__Pivot of brake booster= 340mm_50mm=Movement = _Pedal movementPedal ratio= _46mm_7.2= 6.38Diaphragm Pressure = Ambient pressure Manifold pressure= 90Kpa 36Kpa= 5 4KpaDiaphragm Area = Total area -Area of valve body= 0.25TT (220X10-3)2 0.25TT (54X10-3) 2= 35.72 x 10-3Force of Diaphragm = Pressure x Area= 54Kpa x 10-3 x 35.72 x 10-3= 1928.88 NmBooster output force=Diaphragm force (spring pre-tension + rate of spring x movement of piston)= 1928.88 Nm (80N + 12N/m x 6.83)= 1928.88 Nm 156.56= 1772.32 NmDriver applied force = Applied force x pedal ratio + Booster output= 80N x 7.2+ 1772.32 Nm= 2348.32 NPiston force =Booster force (Pretension force + Rate of spring x movement of piston)= 2348.32 N (15N +8N/m x 6.38)= 2348.32 N 66.04= 2282.28NPressure = ____Force___Area of piston= 2282.28N0.25 TT D2= 2282.28N0.25TT (26 x 10-3)2= 42986.52 Pa or 4.29 MpaCaliper force = Pressure x Area= 42986.52 Pa x 0.25TT (46 X10-3)2= 7143.94NTransmitted force = Caliper force x Co-efficient of friction x Number of pads= 7143.94N x 0.35 x 2= 5000.758NTorque = Transmitted force x Effective radius= 5000.758N x 0.125m= 625.094Nmtractive = Torque (Braking)Radius of wheel= 625.094Nm0.35m= 1785.985NDifference between Tractive with without brake boosterTractive different = Tractive with brake booster Tractive without brake booster= 1785.985N 226.79NIn the previous calculations it just goes to show you how useful the brake booster application is in todays modern vehicle, because if it wasnt we would have to apply a major amount of pressure to the brake pedal, the brake booster wasnt really put to its application till the early 1950s, but in this modern day and age there are more technical designs which involve a use of 2 and 4 pot calipers this design isnt just to make the brake system look better but it also increases the tractive braking forceThe design of the brake discs and caliper varies. Some are simply solid steel and some are made up of carbon fibers, but others are hollowed out with fins joining together the discs two contact surfaces usually included as part of a casting process. This ventilated disc design helps to dissipate the gene rated heat. Many motor bikes and sport car brakes instead have many another(prenominal) small holes drilled through them for the same purpose. Additionally, the holes aid the pads in wiping water from the braking surface. Other designs include slots shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing used brake material from the brake pads. Slotted discs are generally not used on road cars because they quickly wear down brake pads. However this removal of material is beneficial to race cars since it keeps the pads soft and avoids verification of their surfaces. Some discs are both drilled and slotted.Pistons cylindersThe most common caliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston within a cylinder, although high performance brakes use as many as 8. Modern cars use different hydraulic circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a safety measure. The hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force.Failure can occur due to failure of the piston to re tract this is usually a consequence of not operating the vehicle during a time that it is stored outdoors in adverse conditions. For high mileage vehicles the piston seals may leak, which must be promptly declineed.Parking brakesMost vehicles include a mechanical parking brake system also called an requirement brake which operates on the rear wheels. These systems are very effective with drum brakes, since these tend to lock. The adoption of rear-wheel disc brakes caused concern that a disc-based parking brake would not effectively hold a vehicle on an incline.Today, most cars use the disc for parking, though some still rely on separate drums.An emergency brake is a braking system that is generally only to be used in emergency situations to slow or stop a machine. The most well known emergency brakes are those in trains and automotive vehicles. Many people shorten emergency and call the devices e-brakes. Additionally, in the automotive side, they are also known as parking brakes and hand brakes. In cars, the emergency brake is a appurtenant system that can be used if the vehicles primary brake system has a failure. Automobile e-brakes usually consist of a cable directly connected to the brake mechanism on one end and to some type of lever that can be actuated by the driver on the other end.DATAForced applied 80NLength of brake pedal 360mmPedal movement 46mmPivot of brake booster 50mmDiaphragm diameter 220mmValve body diameter 52mmSpring rate 80 NPre tension of diaphragm spring 12 N/mAmbient pressure 90kpaManifold pressure 36kpaDiameter of master cylinders 26mmPiston spring pretension 15 NPiston spring rate 8 N/mWheel Diameter 625mmEfficient disc diameter 0.35 / 250mmCalliper piston 46mm x 2Calculation with brake booster for two pot callipersPedal ratio = Length of pedalPivot of brake booster=360mm50mm=7.2Movement = Pedal movementPedal ratio=46mm7.2= 6.38Diaphragm pressure = Ambient pressure Manifold pressure= 90Kpa 36Kpa= 54 KpaDiaphragm Area = Total are a Area of valve body= 0.25TT (220 x 10 -3) 2 -0.25TT (54 x 10 -3 ) 2= 35.72 x 10 -3Force of diaphragm = Pressure x Area= 54 Kpa x10 -3 x 35.72 x 10 -3= 1928.88 NmBooster output force = Diaphragm force (spring pretension + rate of spring movement of piston)=1928.88 Nm ( 80 N + 12 N/m x 6.38)=1928.88 Nm 156.56= 1772.32 NmDriver s applied force = Applied force x pedal ratio + booster output= 80 N x 6.38+ 1772.32 Nm= 2348.32Piston force = Booster force (pretension force = rate of spring x movement of piston)= 2348.32- (15N + 8 N/m x 6.38)= 2348.32- 66.04= 2282.28NPressure = ForceArea of piston= 2282.28N0.25TT D2= 2282.28N0.25TT (26 x 10-3 )2= 42986.52 Pa or 4.29mpaCaliper force = Pressure x area x number of pistons= 42986.52 Pa x 0.25TT (46 x 10 3)2 x 2= 14287.88 NTransmitted force = Caliper Force x Co efficient of friction x number of pads= 14287.88 N x 0.35 x 2= 10001.51 NTorque = Transmitted force x Effective radius=10001.51 N x 0.125 m= 1250.18 NmTractive = TorqueRadius of wh eel= 1250.18 Nm0.35m= 3571.97NTractive = Tractive for 2 pot caliper tractive for 1 pot caliper= 3571.97N 1785.985N= 1785.985NMy thoughtsAfter going through and researching all types of brakes and what there application is in todays modern motor vehicles, it showed that there are many uses for different types of brakes, especially when youre driving in different situations and environments, e.g. When driving in the city, you tend to use more of the braking system and when driving in the country you need heavy duty pads.It is essential that we know how the brakes work, and it is important to use the right type of brake pads for each different driving application. Some brakes work well once they are heated up and some work well in the dustyer conditions.So when we go get our brake pads changed its up to the mechanic to make that call to see what pads should be used for the correct braking situation. This will save damage to the brake disc and stop it from causing further damage to a nything else.My concept is to some how get a recording device or some type of sensor that has a memory in which it recalls everything that you have done in regards to the braking system and the brake pads. This will keep a record of your amount of braking you have done and also what type of conditions you have been driving in. So this could tell you that you have been driving in a cold area but doing lots of braking , so when it come to changing these pads you could just unplug the sensor and check and make your own decision upon the type of pads that will suit to your braking application.Advantages of this concept areThe temperature will always be monitoredYou know exactly when you need to change you brake padsYou know how much you are truly using the braking systemYou know exactly which brake pad is suited for the applicationNo problems of over heatingYou know if there are any problems in regards to damage of brakes or discs

Civil Disobedience :: essays research papers

Civil Disobedience, Wheres The Line Drawn?In order to properly characterize and understand all aspects of cultivated noncompliance we must look at where the line of disobedience stands and who crosses it. This country was founded on the idea of democracy. Our proud and dedicated fore fathers of the Constitution created this nation on a basis of morality and true freedom. Unfortunately, this dream has been contorted. Twisted to fit the ever growing greed and power thirsty idealisms of the powerful and wealthy politician. Our country has been attack of its true seed that it started from.I believe that this countrys main problem is that its run by a majority of fair males, and of these men, not many younger than their forties. Wheres our equal representation of every populous? These people have incapacitated touch with what they call, their number one resource, its youth. Yes, they were all young at one time as well, simply times rapidly change. These quick changes can easily cau se confusion among our leaders, and this results in poor decisions based on lack of current knowledge and direct involvement. Unfortunately, these people dont understand what todays youth goes through, and whos there to represent my population? The legal voting age in this country is eighteen 1years old, a population that has already been propel into the busy world of work and many of whom have already lost the essence of their youth. We need a change, a new policy of understanding.The line of civil disobedience is drawn by our nations leaders and its their line and they mark it. The lines they make are the illusions they see, they dont look at the whole picture, our nation has a severe case of tunnel vision. Truthfully, laws are passed to protect our Christian morality, and notable standing among the Earths other great powers. It seems Americas main concern is how we project ourselves to others, and what we can get out of it. In this movement and idea, the young are lost in its de ep cracks of political separation.Our nation needs a voice, a voice of youth and honesty. Over half of our nation is comprised of young adults, but we have no say in how our lives are run. What may be small and seemingly harmless to a youth, may land him in chuck out for a few years. Policies on things such as drugs are very harsh on todays children, but the real question is, is who is the penalty benefiting?

Aaron Burr Essay -- essays research papers

AARON BURR     Although Aaron bur, b. untriedark, N.J., Feb. 6, 1756, fought in the American Revolution and became an important political figure, serving a term (1801-05) as vice-president of the United States, he is best remembered today for having killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. The son of a president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and the grandson of another(prenominal) (Jonathan Edwards), Burr could trace his ancestry back to the earliest Puritans. He entered Princeton at the age of 13, graduated at 16, and went on to become a Revolutionary contend hero, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel at the age of 21. In July 1782 he married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the widow of a former British officer. They moved to New York City, where Burr built a reputation as an excellent attorney and made important political connections. He was "the most rising young man in the evince," a contemporary noted. Political Career In 1789 Burr was constitute attorney general of New York by Gov. George Clinton. Two years later the state assembly, which was controlled by partisans of Clinton and Robert Livingston, elected Burr to the U.S. Senate. His career in the Senate was not particularly memorable. Hamilton hated him, Clinton soon learned to distrust him, and George Washington refused his request to be appointed minister to France. But in and out of Congress, Burr managed to maneuver so skillfully, and with so much personal charm, that he won the support of many Federalists as well as Democratic Republicans. In 1796 and 1800, Burr ran for vice-president with Thomas Jefferson on the Democratic-Republican ticket. Whatever doubts Virginia Republicans had about Burr--they had not voted for him in 1796--were put to rest when he carried New York City for his party in 1800. It was assumed that the outcome of the national election would follow that in New York, but under the confused electoral corpse then in use Jeffers on and Burr received an equal number of electoral votes for the establishment (73 each), throwing the election into the House of Representatives. There the Federalists refused to heed the advice of Hamilton and unsuccessfully tried, against the frank wishes of the public, to elect Burr. Jefferson won the contest and Burr became vice-president. Jefferson doubted his loyalty and soon began to withhold patronage from Burr a... ...a busy and lucrative law practice. He continued to wear a strong influence in the public councils, however. He supported a defiant posture toward France during the XYZ AFFAIR (1798), and as inspector general of the the States (1798-1800) he took charge of organizing the nations defenses. Bitterly disappointed in President John ADAMSs erratic leadership, Hamilton openly opposed Adamss reelection in 1800. When it appeared, however, that Aaron Burr might win the presidency over Jefferson, Hamilton unhesitatingly threw his support to Jefferson, whose policies he scorned, rather than to Burr, whom he regarded as a man without principles. This and other opposition by Hamilton so frustrated and infuriated Burr that he challenged Hamilton to a duel. The two men fought at Weehawken, N.J., on July 11, 1804. Hamilton apparently fired into the air, but Burr took direct aim. Hamilton fell mortally wound and died the next day in New York. He was buried in Trinity churchyard, New York City. He left his wife and seven children heavily in debt, but friends soon paid off the debts. Hamilton was mourned by his countrymen as one who had devoted his life to the nations growth in freedom and prosperity.

Catalytic Converters :: science

Catalytic ConvertersIntroductionThere argon millions of cars on the road in the United States, and each one is a source of air pollution. Especially in large cities, the amount of pollution cars produce everyday is a lot. To settle those problems, many laws sustain been enacted restricting the amount of pollution that cars can produce. To make their cars as pollution-free as possible, automakers have made many refinements to car railway locomotives and elicit systems and have developed the catalytic converter. The catalytic converter treats the exhaust before it leaves the car, and removes a lot of the pollution.In this project, we will study catalytic converters to find out how they work, and what their make on our planet and society are. We predict that catalytic converters can change the amounts of products that result from the burning of gasoline, and think that these devices do a good job of devising cars as pollution-free as possible.How does a catalytic converter work?In order to reduce emissions, modern car engines carefully control the amount of fuel they burn. They try to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the stoichiometric point, when all of the fuel will be burned using all of the oxygen in the air. For gasoline, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14.71. However, this fuel mixture actually varies from the ideal ratio quite a bit during driving.The main emmissions of a car engine are nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Nitrogen gas makes up about 78% of the air, and most of this gas just passes right through the car. light speed dioxide is one of the products of combusion. The carbon in the fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. Water vapor is the other product of combusion. The hydrogen in the fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air to form water vapor. However, the combustion process is never perfect, so some smaller amounts of more harmful emissions are also produced in car engines. They include carbon m onoxide, hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides. These are the three main regulated emissions, and also the ones that catalytic converters are designed to reduce.Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. Three-way catalytic converters regulate the three harmful emmissions produced from car engines. The converter uses two different types of catalysts, a reduction catalyst and an oxidization catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst.

Free College Essays - Machiavelli’s Politics in The Prince :: Machiavelli Prince

The Prince - Machiavellis Italian Politics The Prince was one of the first humanist works of the Renaissance. thus it is a work of art, a literary masterpiece of sorts. Yet this work has been vehemently debated over the centuries and remains one of the most controversial pieces of writing today. Although more critics consider The Prince a satire, simply an attempt to reveal the problems with the ruling class, most see Machiavellis work as a serious attempt to mystify the groundwork for the reunification of Italy under the Medici family of Florence. Machiavellis idea that the model prince should use a variety of tactics to secure his powernamely that the end justifies the coreis the most controversial issue raised in The Prince. Knowing that this notion would not be universally accepted, Machiavelli, through his book, tries to justify his idea by present that men are inherently evil. Though religion can often serve to unify a prince and his people, it can also serve to undo him. Thus, Machiavelli proposes that government activity and religion should be held in separate spheresreligion, in Gods spherepolitics, in mans. Many readers applaud this theme as refreshfully realistic others attack Machiavellis assertions, saying that they compromise moral integrity. Yet Machiavellis prince does not wish to preserve moral good or unearthly integrity he simply wants to attain and maintain his principality. Machiavelli struggles to pave a road for order in this world, in the here and now he doesnt attempt to secure the otherworldly blessings of God. This notion, of course, stands in sharp contrast to the moral virtue promoted by most Greek, Roman, and Hebrew politicians and writers. These thinkers saw no clear peculiarity between religion and politics, instead seeing the king as the human embodiment of God. Thus, Machiavelli gives a general overview of human behavior, hoping that future princes can establish counterinsurgency and security in their kingdoms , using this basic knowledge.

A Worn Path Essay -- essays research papers

A Worn PathA Worn Path is, in my opinion, a very good story. It tells of an old baleful woman and the struggles shes had to deal with throughout her liveliness. The author names the woman Phoenix after a mythological bird that died and then came back to life through its ashes which makes it immortal. The author makes the woman immortal because she continues to have something to live for, her grandson, whom she apparently considers her biggest gift. The author never says exactly how often the woman makes the journey, but we know shes made it before because the attendants knew who she was when she came in the building. It is a very long trip because the hunter even said that he only goes into town when he is sick, and tells Ph...

Skills to inspire :: essays research papers

self-assertiveness Skills to Inspire ConfidenceINSTRUCTOR OUTLINEOUTLINE orderNOTESIntroductionsPSI Class Large Group Reg Class Pairs interview/intro each other to classParticipant intro + answer PSI re most memorable/proud moment during senior year Reg re most impt part of their jobObjectivesLecture PG 1Communication Styles Defined minuscular GroupsF/C paper on wall by tablesO/H Slides 3 ?sLecture O/H slidesPG 2 - Break large group into tercet or six small groups, depending on size of class. Each group charts per their belief words/ pictures of characteristics actions, verbals, behaviors, etc. of that particular style 1 term/group unresisting, assertive, aggressive, passive aggressive (p.a. between aggressive and passive) instructor show assertive example stick hand out/smile/shake handsShow O/H with following 3 questions and ask groups to answer1.What affect does that style have on you? 2.What affect does that style have on the person you are communicating with?3.In what st ake would this style be most effective?(i.e.Aggressive being ignored, no one is listening to you still exchange is getting violent/angry.. to calm down seat Assertive argument with good friend, want to resolve to keep friend) Passive Aggressive in conflict with untrustworthy person protect self liaison while seeking solution (sarcasm, mother-in-law syndrome, snide remarks, in genuine)Small groups report on their lists and answers to questions. - Instructor charts responses on line chart under appropriate behavior area- Instructor invites other participants to add to the lists. Close activity with lecture Lets see if we missed anything (Review O/Hs)Assertiveness &Customer Service mainsheetLarge Group DiscussionExtra handoutRefer back to line chartWe want to stay here . assertive areaHow do we know when we cross everywhere from one area to another? We tend to reflect the behavior were exposed to in the situationDistribute and discuss extra handout Assertiveness & Customer Servi ce - We, like most customers, prefer dealing with assertive people. Read this over .. which characteristics are most familiar to you? instructor emphasizes visualization on line chart how cross from one behavior area into another when behavior is out of control(i.e. Statement like I win/You lose = indicates spare-time activity solely in self / not intd in any win for other person .. have moved to aggressive)(i.e. do reverse for Passive I lose/You win = No interest in self/ only in giving win to other person)Whats My Style - - ego AssessmentBroken Record TechniqueIndividual ExerciseLarge Group DiscussionO/H Basic TechniquesLecturePG 3 & 4Do Self assessment PG 3Answer questions on PG 4Share

Skills to inspire :: essays research papers

Assertiveness Skills to Inspire ConfidenceINSTRUCTOR OUTLINEOUTLINEMETHODNOTESIntroductionsPSI figure Large Group Reg Class Pairs interview/intro each other to classParticipant intro + answer PSI re most memorable/proud moment during higher-ranking year Reg re most impt part of their jobObjectivesLecture PG 1Communication Styles Defined Small GroupsF/C paper on wall by tablesO/H Slides 3 ?sLecture O/H slidesPG 2 - Break large group into three or six small groups, depending on surface of class. Each group charts per their belief words/ pictures of characteristics actions, verbals, manners, etc. of that particular style 1 term/grouppassive, cocky, aggressive, passive aggressive (p.a. between aggressive and passive)Instructor show assertive example stick hand out/smile/shake handsShow O/H with following 3 questions and ask groups to answer1.What affect does that style encounter on you? 2.What affect does that style have on the person you are communicating with?3.In what situat ion would this style be most effective?(i.e.Aggressive organism ignored, no one is listening to you Passive exchange is getting violent/angry.. to calm down situation Assertive argument with good friend, want to finalize to keep friend) Passive Aggressive in conflict with untrustworthy person protect self liaison while seeking solution (sarcasm, mother-in-law syndrome, snide remarks, in genuine)Small groups report on their lists and answers to questions. - Instructor charts responses on line chart under appropriate behavior area- Instructor invites other participants to add to the lists. Close activity with blab out Lets see if we missed anything (Review O/Hs)Assertiveness &Customer ServiceSheetLarge Group DiscussionExtra handoutRefer endorse to line chartWe want to stay here . assertive areaHow do we know when we cross over from one area to another? We tend to think over the behavior were exposed to in the situationDistribute and discuss extra handout Assertiveness & Custom er Service - We, like most customers, favour dealing with assertive people. Read this over .. which characteristics are most familiar to you? instructor emphasizes visualization on line chart how cross from one behavior area into another when behavior is out of control(i.e. Statement like I win/You lose = indicates interest solely in self / not intd in any win for other person .. have moved to aggressive)(i.e. do reverse for Passive I lose/You win = No interest in self/ only in giving win to other person)Whats My Style - - Self AssessmentBroken Record TechniqueIndividual ExerciseLarge Group DiscussionO/H Basic TechniquesLecturePG 3 & 4Do Self assessment PG 3Answer questions on PG 4Share

Customer Relations Essay

How can organizations become much open to feedback? What kinds of employee training would help? What would you tell your employees about feedback wideness if you were the boss?Establishing PolicyAn organization can become more than open to feedback by practicing as part of its daily operations, a dodging of feedback receptiveness that raise customers to complain. This system provide similarly require employees to act on those complaints in productive ways. The more customers come to expect good responses from the organization, the easier it is to be that familiarity that welcomes feedback. capital of Minnesota R. Timm (2011) maintains that you create a good feedback climate by reinforcing customer behaviors, not by challenging them. If customers fear a debate or argument every(prenominal) time they voice a concern, they will quit giving feedback.So he suggests the following-Compensate them or provide restitution for unsatisfactory product or service.-Sh are their sense of urgency get the problems handled quickly.-Avoid further inconveniences.-Punish some ane for the problem (sometimes).-Assure them the problem will not happen again. (Timm, 2003)If companies can accomplish these initiatory important locomote, they will show customers and employees that they are serious about receiving feedback, establishing a dialogue, and keeping their customers. The feeling of engagement goes a long way toward earning allegiance and building confidence in management, but defensiveness against feedback will put you out of business. As a customer, I have had the best customer delight in establishments that have a well-advertised customer service focus (Wal-Mart, Whole Foods, Starbucks, and Nordstroms Rack). The iodins where employees receive therell be mystery shoppers that corporate takes its ALS seriously that reward or recrimination depends on individually customer interaction they have throughout the day that the company who acts on complaints quickly, tactf ully, and efficiently, winsUsing TechnologyBy having third-party involvement as a neutral conduit amongst the customer (and employee) and the organization, frank and open communication can be achieved. It eliminates barriers to listening like interactional elements arising from listener self-centeredness and self-protection. The more the organization hears from its customers, the greater its righteousness becomes to act efficiently and swiftly. It can easily invite feedback and advertise itself as engaging and receptive with the utilize of listening system technology. Allegiance Technologies has developed a Web-based active listening system (ALS) that provides an exceptional turn-key customer and employee dialoguing tool. (Timm, 2011) It gathers complaints, compliments, questions, and suggestions, assures anonymity, and provides customers with a third party through whom they can feel safe blowing the whistle on their local anaesthetic Target, or long-time employer.The anonymity feature makes the system especially holdful for employees who may fear retaliation. E.g., in government-mandated processes for facilitating whistle-blowing on company misdeeds. Once the company responds to the feedback, the ALS system provides follow-up in rove to measure customer loyalty and satisfaction. Additionally, companies must be sincere and accommodating when they use technology driven forums like feedback pages and amicable networking to invite customer feedback. If they can get the customers to feel good about giving it, then they would have scored a victory for customer satisfaction.Employee developmentTraining employees to get with the program should begin at the recruitment phase. John Mackey of Whole Foods looks for populate who have a high degree of emotional intelligence a high capacity for caring. (Mackey, 2009) The fact is you have to care about people to succeed at good customer service. The notion of getting the right people in is something that employers Wal-Mart and Southwest Airlines understand well. The right people tend to adapt quickly to the goals and mission of the company and training will be that much more effective. Organizations should consider the people that interact daily with customers, a most critical element of every corporate strategy. Despite numerous studies indicating a strong blood between employee loyalty and customer loyalty, the average customer service representative stays an average of 18 months on the job. The onus is on companies to do more to upgrade the skills, training and pay of customer service representatives, especially since they handle an estimated 65% of all complaints.To ensure compliance with its customer service goals, employers can use a variety of employee monitoring systems, such as mystery shopping. Traditionally this approach grew unreliable as findings were tainted by the subjective judgment of the shopper. However, with the use of digital video, mystery shoppers can evaluate the acti on through cameras hidden in their clothing. The images are digitally recorded and stored on a computer deep down 48 hours of the mystery shop. Managers can then sit down with employees and invite them to view the tape, and simply charter, How do you think you did with that customer? and sit back and listen. The employee gets the eudaimonia of exceptionally clear, robust datafeedback that he or she may use to improve service skills. Feedback receptive organizations can take example from Whole Foods whose stores are like big amphitheaters intent on monitoring every aspect of customer service.Ever notice how at Whole Foods no matter who you ask for help you always get an answer? The company tracks and analyzes employee/client encounters with digital video. A look to the sky in any Whole Foods store reveals a wide array of state-of-the-art eyes in the sky that are not just meant for shoplifters. This complete surveillance makes the company aware of the moves of every one of its agen ts and customers know it. The unreasonable customer will know that cameras will back her up in the event of a dispute, and shell have no fear of a debate or argument from the company. Shell be confident that no-one will try to handle her, and that resolution will be swift because Whole Foods and others like it know that nothing impresses people as significantly as quick follow-up.They in any case recognize that timing is critical when you get customer or employee input, and that early retrieval is far easier than letting a bad situation fester and then trying to fix it. Moreover they do it consistently so that it becomes status quo for employees and customers alike, development a three-step process of feeling empathy, resolving the problem, and offering something more to exceed what the customer anticipates. (Timm, 2011) So when I failed to hear my name called as my coffee order was served, a Starbucks server eagerly offered to make me a new latte if mine wasnt warm enough. Barely five minutes had that piping acid latte stood on the counter when I came to claim it, and I was happily taken aback by the show of concern from behind the register. Chalk one up for exceeding their expectations This environment and culture is the one that customers will willingly engage, while happily paying $6.00 for coffee, or $4.00 for a tomatoChapter 9 Reviewing the Facts interrogate 2What are the three important steps needed to recover the potentially lost customer? The effort to satisfy unhappy customers to reduce defection, also known as Customer value Recovery, is best handled when seen as an attitude of opportunity rather than a pain sensationful chore. Companies are highly motivated by some scary statistics customers who experience poor service will tell seven to 13 others about it, and will continue to voice their dissatisfaction for up to 23 years. On the other hand, a satisfied customer will tell four or five others about a pleasant brand experience. genius thing w e can all agree on is you want to keep a customer.The best attitudes for a service provider to adopt stem from a desire for a win-win relationship with the customer both parties want to feel good about the business transacted. This is not necessarily a customer-is-always-right attitude. Rather, it is more of a problem-solving non- blame-setting attitude. (Timm, 2011) Since dissatisfaction does occur, it can be useful to accept each event as an opportunity and a challenge, if you want to assure your customer that you want to strengthen your relationships with them.It is also not bad for the bottom line its impact on profitability can be substantial. Studies indicate that service recovery investments yield returns of 30%-150%. (Brown, 2000) Furthermore, British Airways calculates that their efforts to retain customers return $2 for every dollar invested. In fact, the airline finds that recovered customers give the airline more of their business. Likewise, Hampton Inn Hotels estimates that its service guarantee increase revenue $11 million and earned it the industrys highest customer retention rate. (Wreden, 2003) An effective service recovery program occurs on two levels, the first of which is a three-step process that must be incorporated into customer service operations. The first step consists of bothApology and AccountabilitySaying, Im sorry, communicates an empathy with the customer, screening them perhaps that you feel their pain, and take ownership of a mistake, even if its because of supplier or other problems. The second step obliges the provider toDo everything in their power to resolve the problem.This starts with clarifying exactly what the issue is in a caring manner that avoids interrogation. Responses must also be timely and the timetables for resolution should be a part of customer service policy. Customers appreciate any efforts you expended to solve their problem quickly. If a product needs to be replaced, do it now. If something needs to be r epaired (or repaired again), give a high priority to scheduling such repairs. If a delivery has to be rescheduled, do it immediately and confirm it with the customer.Customer expectations can be managed with resolution schedules if you specify time frames for the next steps, customer satisfaction will increase by 40%. Previously cited British Airways research showed that 40%-50% of customers defected if it took the company longer than five days to respond. (Wreden, 2003) That said follow up is a key element in this step. The provider must determine whether the customer authorized the promised treatment, and, more importantly, how they feel about it. One study indicated that a follow-up call to a once unhappy customer can boost satisfaction by 5%-7%, and intentions to repurchase by 8%-12%.Finally, giving something to the customer to make up for the problem they had, otherwise known asSymbolic expiationOften it cannot fully repair the damage, but it symbolically indicates that you a re trying. Its the something extra you give to appease the customer and help win him back. (Timm, 2011) Since atonement calls for having customer reps work directly with customers to determine an appropriate remedy, companies that encourage employee empowerment stand to gain by giving authority to employees to win customers back. Agents at Marriott International, for example, can drop up to $2,500 without authorization to compensate customers a clear acknowledgement of not only the customers direct loss but also pain and suffering. Involving the customer in the process by seeking his ideas, What can we do to make this better? is wise, and might even lead to less costly solutions.REFFERENCESBrown, Stephen W. PhD. (2000). Practicing Best-In-Class answer Recovery Forward-thinking firms leverage service recovery to increase loyalty and profits. Retrieved from http//www.mba.asu.edu/csl/upload/Service-Recovery-MM-2000.pdf Inc. Staff. (2009). Interview with John Mackey, CEO Whole Foods. Hiring Leaders. (Jul 1, 2009) Timm, Paul R., Introduction to Customer Service Career Success Through Customer Loyalty 5th ed. (Prentice Hall, 2011) Wreden, Nick. (2003). How to Recover Lost Customers Noted Fusion Branding author details key steps to boost profitability by improving customer recovery. Retrieved from http//www.prweb.com/releases/2003/01/prweb54863.htm

Elizabethan Gardening

Aspects of Elizabethan Gardening and Landscape Architecture The reign of Elizabeth I was a golden era in side history, a time which abounded in manpower of genius. Among the many branches of art, science, and economy, to which they turned their attention, none profited more(prenominal) from the power of their wits, than did the art of t resting. Not having sh atomic number 18d her fathers personality, nor his desire to not let the people live in more splendiferous sur moveings than his own, Elizabeth encouraged this art and persuaded her subjects to build delightfully-complex and extravagant gardens by proposing visits.The queen and her retinue would cash in ones chips across the country and award the proprietors of the gardens she speci all(prenominal)y liked. She as well encouraged noblemen to support rese loathsomeers, writers and opposite great minds who alikek on the task of contributing to the improvement of landscape computer architecture in one way or another. Lord Burghley was the patron of John Gerard, a remarkable side of meat herbalist who published a list of senior high-flown plants cultivated in his garden at Holborn, still extant in the British Museum, and the famous work Great Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes.To Sir Walter Raleigh, a notable poet and blue blood of the time, we owe the introduction of tobacco and of our most useful vegetable, the potato. An age of navigation and exploring, the Elizabethan era prided itself with the culture of various new flowers and plants (many of which were medicinal herbs) brought from India, America, the Canary Islands and other newly-discovered parts of the world.While re-editing Raphael Holinsheds Chronicles, in 1587, William Harrison states that he has seen over four hundred new species of plants entrusted to British soil and that, day by day, the people begin to prize of them as be foresighteding to their country. Lord Salisbury, Lord Burleighs son, commissioned a family of highly-s killed and educated Dutch gardeners (the Tradescants) to travel and bring back for his garden foreign species that could pretend been acclimatized.Written in his lively conversational English style, full of his own personal ideas and fancies, Francis Bacons Essay on Gardens is familiar to everyone. Always practical and center on what it was possible to do, Bacon wanted to put forward a scheme in better taste for the gardens he saw or so him. During Elizabeth Is reign, the persecution of the Protestants on the Continent drove many of them to find a safe refuge in England. They brought with them rough of the foreign ideas about gardening, and thus helped to improve the peg down of Horticulture.The Elizabethan garden was the outcome of the older fashions in English gardens, combined with the new ideas imported from France, Italy, and Holland. The result was a purely national style, better suitable to this country than a slavish imitation of the terraced gardens of Italy, or of tho se of Holland, with their canals and fish-ponds. There was no breaking-away from old plants and customs, no sudden change. The primitive medieval garden grew into the pleasure garden of the early Tudors, which, by a process of slow and gradual development, eventually became the more elaborate garden of the Elizabethan era.What one currently understands by a formal or old-fashioned garden, is one of this type. However, as genuine and unaltered Elizabethan gardens are rare, it is generally the further development of the alike(p) style a hundred historic period later, which is known as a formal old English garden. The garden of this period was laid out strictly in connection with the house. The architect who designed the house, was also responsible with designing the garden.There are some drawings extant by John Thorpe, one of the most historied architects of the time, of both houses and the gardens attached to them. The garden was held to be no mere adjunct to a house, or a confusi on of green swards, paths, and flower-beds, but the designing of a garden was supposed to require even more skill than the planning of a house. Men come to build stately sooner than to garden very well as if gardening were the greater perfection, states Bacon in his essay, underlying the general idea of the period.Sir Hugh Platts opinion seems to have been the exception that proves the rule, as most other writers were particular in describing the correct form for a garden, but he writes I shall not trouble the reader with any curious rules for shaping and fashioning of a garden or orchard how long, broad or high, the Beds, Hedges, or Borders should be contrived Every Drawer or Embroiderer, almost each Dancing Master, whitethorn pretend to such niceties in regard they call for very small invention, and lesse learning. In front of the house there was typically a terrace, from which the plan of the garden could be studied. Flights of steps and broad straight walks, called forthrights connected the parts of the garden, as well as the garden with the house. Smaller walks ran parallel with the terrace, and the spaces between were filled with pasture plots, mazes, or knotted beds. The forthrights corresponded to the plan of the building, while the patterns in the beds and mazes harmonized with the details of the architecture.The peculiar geometric tracery which surmounted so many Elizabethan houses, found its tete-a-tete in the designs of the flower-beds. William Lawson, a north-countryman of the time, of whom particular is known except for his own experiences which he put down in his work, A New Orchard and Garden, mentioned that the form that men like in general is a square. This shape was chosen in preference to an orbicular, a triangle, or an oblong, because it doth best agree with a mans legal residence, as Shakespeare tells us in his play, Measure for Measure.This sort of house gardens we can get a fleeting glimpse every now and then in Shakespeares plays, literary works in which he mentions details such as the knotted patterns of the beds, the high brick or stone wall with which the square garden was usually enclosed, the arbour of box where eavesdroppers could find good cover etc. Another common custom regarded covering the walls with rosemary. According to John Parkinson, an important English botanist of the time, at Hampton Court rosemary was so planted and nailed to the walls as to cover them only when. Gerard and Parkinson both refer to the custom of planting against brick walls. In the North of England, Lawson tells us, the garden-walls were do of dry earth, and it was usual to plant thereon wallflowers and divers sweet-smelling plants. With the seventeenth century, the interest in gardens began to make an appearance in belles lettres, quite independently of literal practical work and theoretical professional advice. One of the most visionary spirits of the age, Francis Bacon, was the first to direct attention to the matter in this way, though he was neither architect, nor gardener.Bacon formulated several noteworthy plans for organizing gardens The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched put off. The arches to be upon pillars of carpenters work, of some ten foot high, and six foot broad, and the spaces between of the same dimension with the breadth of the arch. This fair hedge of Bacons ideal garden was to be raised upon a bank, set with flowers, and little turrets above the arches, with a space to receive a cage of birds and over every space between the arches, some other little figure, with broad plates of round colored glass, gilt, for the sun to play upon.It is not likely that such fantastical ornaments to a hedge were usual, though it reminds one of the arched arcades and does not seem to be at all a new idea of Bacons. When discussing in Gardeners Labyrinth the various models of fencing a round garden, Thomas Hill, a well-known astrologer of the time, describes palings of drie thorne and willow, which he calls a dead or rough barrier.He refers to the Romans for examples of the alternative of digging a vomit to surround the garden, but the general way is a natural enclosure, a hedge of white thorne artely laid in a some years with diligence it waxed so thick and strong, that hardly any person can enter into the ground, sauing by the garden-door yet in sundry garden grounds, the hedges are framed with the privet tree, although far weaker in resistance, which at this day are made the stronger through yearly cutting, both above and by the sides.He gives a superannuated method for planting a hedge. The gardener is to collect the berries of briar, brambles, white-thorne, gooseberries and barberries, steep the seeds in a mixture of meal, and set them to keep until the spring, in an old rope, a long worn rope being in a manner starke rotten. Then, in the spring, to plant the rope in two furrows, a foot and a half deep, and terce fe et apart The seeds thus covered with diligence shall appear within a month, either more or less, which in a few years will grow to a most strong defense of the garden or field.These old gardeners had great confidence in all their operations, and but rarely in their works do we find any allusion to possible failure. Yews were greatly use for hedges, but more for walks and shelter within the gardens, than to form the outer enclosure. In the larger gardens there were two or three provide in the walls, well designed, with magnificent stone piers surmounted with balls or the owners crest, and wrought-iron gates of elaborate pattern or else there was one fine gate at the principal entrance, the rest being smaller and less pretentious, merely a planked gate or little door.The main principle of a garden was still that it should be a girth, a yard, or enclosure the idea of such a thing as a practically unenclosed garden had not, as yet, entered mens minds. But because the garden was surroun ded with a high wall, and those inside wished to flavour beyond, a terrace was contrived. As in the Middle Ages, we find an eminence within the walls, as a point from which to look over them so at the time, the restricted view from the mount did not satisfy, and to get a more extended range over the park beyond and the garden within, a terrace as raised along one side of the square of the wall. Some pieces of information regarding these aspects we can find in Sir hydrogen Wottons writings on architecture I have seen a garden into which the first access was a high walk like a terrace, from whence might be taken a general view of the whole plot below. De Caux, the designer of the Earl of Pembrokes garden at Wilton, made such a terrace there for the more advantage of beholding those plots.Another is described at Kenilworth, in 1575, by Robert Langham hard all along by the castling wall is reared a pleasant terrace, ten feet high and twelve feet broad, even under foot, and fresh of f ine grass. The terraces, as a rule, were wide and of bewitching proportions, with stone steps either at the ends or in the centre, and were raised above the garden either by a sloping grass bank, or brick or stone wall.At Kirby, in Northamptonshire, a magnificent Elizabethan house, nowadays rapidly falling into decay, all that remains of a once beautiful garden, enrichd with a great variety of plants (as John Morton portrays it in his Natural History of Northamptonshire), is a terrace running the whole length of the western wall of the garden. At Drayton, an Elizabethan house in the same county as Kirby, there is a wide terrace against the outer wall of the garden with a summer-house at each end, as well as a terrace in front of the house, and other examples exist.The forthrights, or walks which formed the main lines of the garden design, were blanket(a) and fair. Bacon describes the largeness of the path by which the mount is to be ascended as wide enough for four to walk abreast , and the main walks were wider still, broad and long, and covered with gravel, sand or turf. There were two kinds of walks, those in the open part of the garden, with beds geometrically arranged on either side, and sheltered walks laid out between high clipped hedges, or between the main enclosure wall and a hedge.There were also the covert walks, or shade alleys, in which the trees met in an arch over the path. Some of the walks were turfed, and some were planted with sweet-smelling herbs. Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed, are three that is, burnet, wild thyme and water-mints therefore you are to set whole alleys of them to have the pleasure when you walk or tread. Thomas Hill, in one chapter of his book, mentions that the walks of the garden ground, the consort even trodden out, and leveled by a line, as either hree or four foot abroad, may cleanly be sifted over with river or sea sand, to the end that s howers of rain falling, may not offend the walkers (at that instant) in them, by the earth cleaving or clogging to their feet. Parkinson also has something to say about walks The fairer and larger your associate and walks be, the more grace your garden shall have, the less harm the herbs and flowers shall receive, by passing by them that grow next unto the allies sides, and the better shall your weeders cleanse both the bed and the allies.The hedges on either side the walks were made of various plants box, yew, cypress, privet, thorne, fruit trees, roses, briars, juniper, rosemary, hornbeam, cornel, misereon and pyracantha. Every man taketh what liketh him best, as either privet alone or sweet Bryar, and whitethorn twist together, and Roses of one, two, or more sorts placed here and there amongst them. Some plant cornel trees and plash them or keep them low to form them into a hedge and some again take a low prickly shrub that abided always green, called in Latin Pyracantha.Regard ing the cypress, Parkinson mentions that, for the goodly proportion it has, as also for his ever green head, it is and hath been of great account with all princes, both beyond and on this side of the sea, to plant them in rows on both sides of some spacious walke, which, by reason of their high growth, and little spreading, must be planted the thicker together, and so they give a pleasant and sweet shadow.Gerard, writing of the same plant, says It grows likewise in diverse places in England, where it hath been planted, as at Sion, a place near London, sometime a house of nuns it grows also at Greenwich and at other places and likewise at Hampstead in the garden of Master Waide, one of the Clarkes of his Majestys Privy Council. Another interesting aspect of the periods gardening literature was the fact that, in several writings, there began to appear ideas for protecting and sheltering delicate and exotic plants, which a little later developed into orangeries and greenhouses, and e ventually into the hothouse and stove.Sir Hugh Platt, particularly, in the second part of The Garden of Eden, not printed until 1660, recurrently mentions the possibility of growing plants in the house, and making use of the notifys in the rooms to host gillyflowers and carnations into early bloom. I have known Mr. Jacob of the Glassehouse, he writes, to have carnations all the winter by the benefit of a room that was near his glasshouse fire. Holinshed, while admiring the rchards of his day, states that he has seen capers, oranges and lemons, and heard of wild olives growing here, but he does not say how they were preserved from cold. Gerard also describes both oranges and lemons, while also being, too honest, however, to pretend that they grow in England. A few oranges, nonetheless, were successfully reared in this country. In his treatise on the Orchard, Parkinson focuses on describing the surprising looking after and tending of the orangeness tree, as opposed to the Citron an d the Lemmon trees.The former used to be kept in great square boxes and lift there to and fro by iron hooks attached to the sides in order to move them into a house or close gallery in the winter time. Other writers suggest that, if planted against a concave-shaped wall, lined with lead or tin to cause reflection, they might happily bear their fruit in the cold climate if these walls did stand so conveniently, as they might also be continually warmed with kitchen fires.The experiment of growing lemons was tried by Lord Burghley. There are some interesting earn extant in which the history of the way in which the tree was procured is preserved. Sir William Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Windebank nigh 1561, requesting to have a lemon, a pomegranate and a myrt tree procured for him, along with the instructions on how they should be kept, because he desired to enrich his collection of exotic vegetation (collection which the orange tree was already part of).Although these foreign species o f trees became widespread many years later, having been regarded as rarities for half a century, these fist instances of their importation are useful for us in forming a general idea about the level of cultural and scientific development the Elizabethans had reached. An indisputable proof of the progress gardening was making during this period was the growing importance of those practicing the craft in and around London, until at length, at the beginning of King James Is reign, they attained the dignified position of a Company of the City of London, incorporated by Royal charter.In that year all those persons inhabiting within the Cittie of London and six miles compass thereof doe take upon them to use and practice the trade, craft or misterie of gardening, planting, grafting, setting, sowing, cutting, arboring, mounting, covering, fencing and removing of plants, herbs, seeds, fruit trees, stock sett, and of contriving the conveyances to the same belonging, were incorporated by the name of Master Wardens, Assistants and Comynaltie of the Company ofGardiners of London. The botanical interest of Elizabethan England was shared by most countries of the time, aspect which led to the creation of a strong bond in commerce and political relations. In consequence, this great delight in growing flowers for domestic decoration was a marked feature in English life at this period. Many travelers who visited the kingdom found themselves absolutely charmed with the English comfort and architectural artistry.In one of his works, published in The Touchstone of Complexions, Thomas Newton, an illustrious scholar of the time, quotes the Dutch explorer and physician Levimus Leminius, who came to England around 1560 Their domiciliate and parlors strewn over with sweet herbs refreshed me their nosegays finely intermingled with sundry sorts of fragrant flours, in their bed chambers and privy rooms with comfortable smell cheered me up and entirely delighted all the senses.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin American History

1. buckle downry in the nineteenth ampere-second was different than striverry during the colonial times because nineteenth century buckle downs were exactly that knuckle downs. In colonial times, minacious break ones backs were actu all(prenominal)y interact to a greater extent like indentured servants. Census records from 1651 indicate that Afri lavatorys who completed their indentured servitude were set drop obtain in as well as given their own land (McElrath, 2009). However, the practice of allowing indentured contraband buckle downs to be free increased the need for laborers and many landowners began requiring pitch colorness great deal to become servants for life.This was unsuccessful and white landowners began to consider thralldom as an option (McElrath, 2009). This differed from otherwise countries and their practice of striverry because America began to implement complex and demanding slave codes that dictated exactly how slaves were to live and exactly wh at was required of them. For example, in 1661, Virginia devised a statute that required that newly born children would have the same status as their puzzle. As a result, the slave population continued to increase as female slaves gave birth to children (McElrath, 2009).Further, as time passed, America began to recognize slavery as a law, which as well as differed from other countries who relied on slavery. These laws required that all black people, even those that were already free, and their children would be considered slaves (McElrath, 2009). Therefore, Harry, the young son of Eliza was considered a slave because his mother was a slave (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Finally, the nineteenth century practice of indentured servitude no longer applied to black people.Slavery is similar to indentured servitude but when black people are slaves they have no hope for freedom as they did during the colonial times. When a black person became a slave, he became a slave for life whereas a black indentured servant could look forward to a future of freedom. 2. According to Marie St. Clare, slavery is an essential aspect of life. Marie is a egoistical and self centered woman who exclusively cares about herself. She is constantly dreaming up afflictions in order to collide with attention. At the same time, she visual modalitys slaves with disgust and temper (Stowe, Chapter 15, 2004).This may withal be considered an argument against slavery as well. If Marie is so dissatisfied with her slaves then what is the point of having them in the first place? Maries husband, Augustine St. Clare denounces slavery and admits that it is evil. Augustine treats his slaves with compassion but also accepts slavery and continues to have slaves in his household (Stowe, Chapter 14, 2004). Although Augustine makes use of slaves in his own home, he does feel that slavery is morally disparage. This is in direct contrast to his brother Alfred, who strongly believes that the white race is the d ominant race.A good example of this conflict comes in chapter nineteen when Prue, a slave from down the street, visits the St. Clare home rating rolls and tells Uncle tom turkey the sad story about the selling of her children as well as the death of one of them. Very in short after, word comes that Prues master had whipped her to death. Augustine quite obviously disagrees with this act but admits that trance he does non agree he is not going to do anything to make such events stop. He states that he is simply going to stay out of the way (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004).Another example, tells of Augustine and his twin brother inheriting their fathers plantation and all the slaves. While Alfred embraced the notion of slavery and believed that dominating slaves was the rightful job a white man, Augustine had more compassion and tamed one particularised slave and then gave him his freedom (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004). Ultimately, the St. Clare family differed in their views on slavery but th e fact remained that all three of these people relied on slavery every day. Marie was preoccupied and Alfred livelongheartedly accepted slavery.However, Augustine felt that the danger of slavery would continue to be the difference in moral lines that human beingnesss would draw with regards to what freedom meant and who it was meant for (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004). 3. The paternalistic view towards slaves that many defenders of slavery internalized allowed them a sort of denial because deep down many of knew that enslaving human beings was morally wrong (Harper, 2003). Many Northern slave owners choose their slaves and treated them like members of the family (Harper, 2003).However, kindness and compassion for slaves is never enough security for the slaves themselves. Uncle tom turkey had the good fortune to be sold to Augustine St. Clare and was treated respectably in his household (Stowe, Chapter 14, 2004). No amount of kindness could save Uncle Tom from the harsh reality of sla very after Augustines death. He is sold to Simon Legree, who is a cruel slave owner and treats his slaves in the worst possible ways (Stowe, Chapter 30, 2004). The Shelbys own many slaves and they treat them kindly. However, Mr.Shelby, no matter how kind he is, has to sell some slaves and resolve some debt. In the end his kindness did not protect Uncle Tom from being sold (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Similarly, the St. Clare family is mostly compassionate towards their slaves until Eva and Augustine die. Simon Legree becomes Uncle Toms next slave owner, and he is a harsh and cruel man, illustrating once again that the kindness of Augustine did not protect Uncle Tom from the cruelty of Simon Legree (Stowe, Chapter 30, 2004). Mr. Haley is largely indifferent to the slaves and sells and buys them when it get out benefit him monetarily.His actions are not directly cruel but they do not ultimately protect the slaves either (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Finally, George Harris tolerated slavery although his disbelief in Christianity prevented him from denouncing the moral problems associated with slavery. 4. The existence of a slave was a hard one. Many slaves ran away because they were tortured or beaten. Others ran away because the constant buying and selling of slaves bust apart families and many slaves flee in an effort to reunite with their recognised ones.Slaves were not allowed to get an education and were only provided the bare essentials for survival (Hayden, 2008). George Harris and his wife, Eliza are some(prenominal) slaves. George had the good fortune to work in a factory where he invented a machine that would clean hemp more efficiently. However, the owner of the factory believed he had invented the machine because he was lazy and removed him from the factory. As a result, George saw very little of his family. After some time passes, George decides to omit because he fanny no longer tolerate his existence as a slave.Further, George was being pressured b y his master to take a new wife. George informs Eliza that he plans to escape to Canada and will try to secure her and Harrys freedom once he gets there (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). George escaped slavery for the same reason that many other slaves escaped he was tired of being treated so badly. Eliza also escapes when she learns that her young son, Harry had been sold. She had already suffered the loss of two children and did not want to lose her only remaining child. Eliza visited Uncle Toms cabin and he encouraged her to escape before being sold.Eliza tells them of her intention to follow after George and slips away before she can change her mind (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). While Eliza did not suffer direct abuse at the hands of the Shelbys she did feel a compelling need to escape in order to protect her only remaining child. She obviously did not want to be separated from him, but she also did not want a wicked slave owner to get his hands on her son either. She felt her only option was to run. Ultimately, this husband and wife are both sufficient to escape, but for very different reasons.George is tired of being treated badly and Eliza fears for the safety of her son. These two illustrations show the human nature of slaves and show their strong desires to be treated disturbly, remain close to their loved ones and protect their children. 5. The primary reason why slaves did not attempt to escape even when they outnumbered the white people is because they were appalled of being caught and returned to their rightful owners subject to even harsher treatment than before as punishment for trying to get away. This was the main obstacle slaves faced.If they were successful at escaping they in truth did not have any place to go because they lived in fear of being returned to their masters if caught. The main difference with the Federal 1850 Fugitive Slave locomote was that it was ultimately created to keep the nation united. It was so controversial because it fuel ed the flames of the anti slavery versus slavery debated that continue to rage across the country. This Federal act allowed for a compromise. Texas gave up land in return for ten million dollars while the new states would not mention slavery and the issue would be left up to the individual states.Further, the act required that citizens participate in returning escaped slaves. Therefore, people helping slaves to freedom could face trial if they were caught aiding and abetting escaped slaves (PBS. org, 2009). Other things keep slave action as well. For example, the slaves who belonged to Augustine St. Clare opposed action because they may have felt that life would not get any better than it already was. The slaves were treated with compassion and generally treated well when compared to other slave owners.At the same time, slaves belonging to Simon Legree may have been terrified to revolt because they feared for their lives if they were caught and returned to such a wicked slave owne r. However, the interests of all slaves remained the notion of freedom but this freedom was not acted upon for fear of not finding anything better or fear of being caught and returned to an even worse life of slavery. Finally, many slaves may have felt that they were receiving everything they needed and allowed themselves to be dominated by the white people simply because they were afraid that nothing better would come along.They allowed the racial divides to continue because they were certain that black people would never be equal to white people and therefore, escape was trifling (Stowe, 2004). 6. Slave rebellions were an extreme form of foe by slaves against their white masters. Since the Haitian uprising in 1792, white landowners lived in fear of their African American slaves (Hooker, 1996). This slave rebellion proved that African Americans did not accept their status as slaves and there came a breaking point when they just needed to assert their license and fight for their freedom.The Haitian slaves began an uprising that would leave thousands of people dead. Denmark Vesey was able to purchase his freedom but he was still very angry about the slave situation. Quoting scripture, Vesey motivated slaves to revolt and the result was countless white deaths. The slaves would post themselves at the doors of white landowners and start fires. When the whites came to the door they would be killed and then everyone else in the home would be killed also. Similar to the Haitian revolt, this revolt struck fear in the hearts of white slave owners. Nat Turner succeeded far more with his revolt.He and a slave named Will began the revolt by killing Wills masters and then methodically killing all white slave owners they could and taking their slaves as part of their cause. Turner went into hiding and during this time the white slave owners were extremely afraid of his return (Hooker, 1996). The Underground Railroad was another form of slave resistance although it was a much more peaceful one. The Underground Railroad was made up of mostly black people, most famously Harriet Tubman, and some white people who helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom.This organization enabled many black slaves to find their freedom (PBS. org, 2009). However, many black slaves quietly resisted their white masters without escaping or revolting. For example, after Uncle Tom is bought by Simon Legree he befriends another slave by the name of Cassy. One afternoon he and Casey help each other in the fields and when Legree finds out he orders Uncle Tom to whip her. Uncle Tom refuses, which is a form of resistance, and he is beaten almost to death.However, he shows further resistance by accepting the whipping in order to prevent the injury of a fellow slave (Stowe, Chapter 33, 2004). 7. Abolitionists such as Harriet Stowe called for an immediate end to slavery. In contrast the Anti-Slavery Movement of the 1800s was more of a gradual resistance to the continued use of slaver y in the United States. Abolitionists wanted the entire slave trade to come to an end while the Anti-Slavery Movement was more concerned with stopping the spread of slavery into the colonies of the United States.Many abolitionists were Christian people who felt that slavery was against moral rules. However, abolitionism ended up being a gradual process as it took a great deal of time, energy and people to effectively gather the strength necessary to really make changes that moved towards the freedom of black people. The Anti-Slavery Movement was able to make immediate changes with such passages of law as the Missouri agree of 1820 (Vernon-Jones, 2009). The Missouri agree determined which states would allow slavery and which states would not allow slavery.The compromise allowed the balance of power in Congress to be equal among slave and anti slave states (Vernon-Jones, 2009). Therefore, the Anti-Slavery Movement was able to immediately make some states free states and some states slave states. So while the Anti-Slavery Movement did not abolish slavery all at once as the abolitionists were trying to do, it did have more success making immediate and lasting changes than the abolitionists were able to do. Further, the primary way that abolitionists were able to gain support was through persuasion.Human persuasion is an extremely difficult task that takes a great deal of time. The Anti-Slavery Movement was more dependent upon actual laws and polity changes which made it more successful in the short term. However, neither movement was without violence as was evident in the Anti-Slavery activities at Harpers Ferry led by a famous anti slavery advocate, John Brown (Vernon-Jones, 2009). 8. All Northern whites were not committed to ending slavery. Many of them felt, as Augustine St. Clare felt, that slavery was wrong but they were not going to do anything about ending it because it certainly benefited their way of life.The senators included in the story held this op inion. For example, Senator Bird votes in favor of the Compromise of 1850 under the guise that slavery does not have anything to do with personal feelings but is more a matter of what the entire country wants instead. In other words, he defended his actions by agreeing that slavery was wrong but also realizing the importance that slavery had come to have in America. An example of this attitude is when Eliza and Harry come to his home looking for help and he helps them escape (Stowe, Chapter 37, 2004). Ophelia holds similar opinions.She does not agree with the idea of slavery while also believing that black slaves were deficient to white people. For example, she does not want Topsy, a slave friend of Evas, to touch her (Stowe, Chapter 25, 2004). However, after Evas death, Ophelia begins to realize that if a child could have such love towards the slaves, then she could to. She petitions to have Topsy given to her so she can reform her and then take her North and set her free. She fin ally begins to realize why she believes slavery is humble through her relationship with a human slave (Stowe, Chapter 28. 004). While many people from the Northern states held similar opinions that slavery was bad many also disassociated themselves with the whole issue. Free black people and former slaves were not treated as cruelly as they were as slaves but they still did not gain equal status either. They were treated as human beings, but as inferior human beings. 9. The Christian churches and Northern economic interests helped contribute to the continuation of slavery because they also saw the economic value of slavery.The plantation owners in the North realized the benefit of slavery just as the Southern plantation owners did, even if they did not agree with the idea of slavery. This passive attitude allowed slavery to exist in America far longer than it should have. In this way, the North was every bit as responsible for the continuation of slavery as the South was. Many Nort herners were unwilling to take a stand to help abolish slavery because it would hurt them economically, socially and in matters of convenience. This attitude helped contribute to what Stowe felt as the worst part of slavery the separation of families.The book discusses the separation of parents and children often over the course of the story. Stowe repeatedly discusses the fear that parents will become separated from their children (Stowe, 2004). Further, Stowe felt that slavery as a whole corrupted everyones ideas because it allowed white people to view black people as inferior to themselves. Even non slave owners did not entirely embrace the idea that white people and black people were equal. The fundamental commandment of slavery is an important component of American history and it was hard to let go of even when slaves earned their freedom.Stowe staunchly advocated for the abolishment of slavery but also for the equal treatment of black people. She believed that black people h ad equal rights to justice and freedom as those enjoyed by white people. She firmly believed in a guild where colonization would be a reality even though equality was a long way off. However, when the white people agreed to colonize with the black people they would be taking one step towards helping justify the hurts caused by slavery (Stowe, Chapter 45, 2004).ReferencesHarper, Douglas. (2003). Slavery in the North. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//www.slavenorth.com/index.html.Hayden, Scott. (2008). The underground railroad. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//americanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_underground_railway.Hooker, Richard. (1996). Slave rebellions. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//www.wsu.edu/dee/DIASPORA/REBEL.HTM.McElrath, Jessica. (2009). Slavery in Colonial Times. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//afroamhistory.about.com/od/slavery/a/colonialslavery_2.htm.PBS.org. (2009). The compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave act. Retrieved on April 4, 200 9 from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html. PBS.org. (2009). The underground railroad. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. (2004). Uncle Toms Cabin. New York Barnes and Noble.Vernon-Jones, Russ. (2009). John Brown. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http//www.arps.org/aro/john_brown.htm.

Customer Service Plan Essay

guest service and commitment to our guests has been the driving force behind our brand. Widget strive to get it rightfield first cartridge clip, everytime.Incases where things dont come out right we believe our professional workers depart strive to correct the problem and our customers imbibe the right to complete what level of service they can expect from us all the time even in these times when we fall short of the very high measurings we have set ourselves. Through our Vision and mission statement we make a commitment to our customers both internal and external.Mission rehearsalPassionate about portentous the saving of our customers service expectations by providing the very best in professional, value engineered widgets through our ever growing nationwide team of professional, caring staff.Vision StatementTo be Australias number one national provider of spirit widgets by empowering our staff to deliver our customers with the very best in quality, value and service.Our merchandise standardsOur product is manufactured in strict accordance with the Australian quality standards and also taking into account the use of which our customers testament subject our product. Our internal policies and quality standards support the high quality standards set in our vision and mission statement.Our product specifications argon clearly presented in all our packaging materials and tested during the issue process to ensure all tolerance limits are adhered to. Our main product is 12 mm melanise hole plugs which are made of plastic to proceed ,conseal and decorate 12 mm diam holes in cabinets,furniture,window frames,vinyl fences and elsewhere.Fits whatever 12mm diameter holes. These hole cover widgets practically work eachwhere indoors and out .These are made from our factory with high impact injection moldedplastic. These can come from different sizes as requested by our customers. All our products have a small tolelance limit of +1% or -1%.Specifications. Our product range will have the following features.Colorit will come in the range of black ,white or greyFits hole size 12mm or as requested by customerDiameter12 mmLength 6mmTop diameter15 mmMaterialPolypropylene.Tolelance limitplus or minus 1%Widgets outlines its description of its product in the polity and communicated to the customer to allow the customer to make any queries or complaints incase the product received its off specification.PricingWidget ensures that its products are properly priced so that customers are able to render the goods as well as profitability is maintained to allow the company invest in the quality and standards initiatives of the products. Widgets pricing is well thought as we do in other sectors of the business like marketing and branding, the price the customer sees on display is the price customers pay. There are no hidden costs. Our standard product 12 mm fits hole size will cost 12AUD /dozen and customers are requested to enquire from the custome r service team for prices of any changes requested to the standard product.Delivery of goodsWidgets aim to deliver all come ins made either online or face to face within three sidereal days of the order being made.We aim to have a delivery process whichensures a reliable, secure and efficient service. If delays occur during deliveries and extra time may be required, customers will be interlocutored urgently to alert them of the next delivery times or else they can call our Despatch department directly on 1300 880 370. One day prior to your delivery we will SMS all of the central delivery data about your order to your mobile. If all the information is correct you will only involve to text back OK. If there are any details that are not correct or you wish to change your delivery date disport ring us on 1300 880 370. In order to offer our customers a better delivery service these terms and conditions replace any delivery and tone arm conditions stated on your order form.TERMS & CONDITIONS1. It is important that someone is at the receaving end to receive delivery of your purchase on the designated day. No specific time of delivery can be provided. A four hour time frame will be advised but cannot be guaranteed.2. A minimal delivery fee of $75 (outside the metropolitan area) is payable separately to the Carrier in cash or bank cheque. Delivery is free inside the Metropolitan area3. Cash or bank cheque must be used to pay any balance of monies owing at time of delivery. in-person/Company cheques will NOT be accepted. For your convenience we can accept credit cards in store 48 hours prior to delivery, surcharges may apply.4. at a time arrangement for a delivery day is confirmed, there will be a minimum re-delivery charge of $75 if no person is at the delivery address on the day of delivery or the delivery is cancelled by the customer on day of delivery.5. When receiving goods, please inspect thoroughly in advance signing Received in good order as any clai ms for scratches, marks, dents or other damages will not be accepted erstwhile signed.6. Failure to collect or take delivery of the goods beyond 21 days from the date of contact by our despatch department will military issue in the sales order being cancelled and all monies paid will be forfeited. 7. All original packing & wrapping will be left at the premises (delivery address).CUSTOMER PICK UPSCustomer collection of goods purchased from Widgets stores can also becollected by the customer in any of our distribution centres.. The customer must contact the Delivery department prior to pick up on 1300 880 370 to make an appointment. Same day pickup is not available.Pickup times at Distribution CentersCustomersMonday to Thursday 1000am 1230pm & 130pm 300pmCarriersFriday ONLYOther Policies and ProceduresCustomer needsWidget believes that it is important that customers needs are regularly reviewd to ensure that its products are inline with the changing times. Therefore time and again Widget carries out research to identify these needs and use changes identified. Widget uses the RATER model to identify its customers needs since customers when assessing what they want will consider the reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy and responsiveness as they are being assisted. Using the RATER guide Widget will use the following techniques to gather customer needsInformal face to face discussions for its key customersTelephone interviewsEmail surveysSuggestion boxesInternet surveys.All information gathered for customers is protected by the Privacy act 1988 including how the information is collected,used and disclosed,its accuracy and how securely it is kept and general rights to access that information. Widget has a dedicated Customer service research officer who is responsible for ensuring that all customer data collected is securely kept and used forits intended purpose only.Complaints and feedbackIf you have a complaint or if there is anything we can help you wit h, please let us know.Widget values feedback and appreciate the opportunity to follow up. Widget deals with all plurality from diversi background and does not discriminate anyone on the basis of age ,race,disability or sex. Our policy take into account the Age discrimination act 2004,Australian Human Rights bang Act 1986,Disability Discrimination ACT 1992,Racial discrimination Act 1975 and Sex Discrimination Act 1984.There are a number of ways you can contact us to lodge your complain and includes ourEmail at Widget123.gmail.com or phone at 08100300 or mail at Widget Australia,3/77 Manning street ,Bentley ,6102.Or you can also connect with us via Twitter or facebookComplain resolution process and timeframesOnce we receive your complaints, we may ask you to provide accompaniment or documentation to aid us in investigations. This may include proof of identity, statutory declaration, receipts and so on. We aim to resolve complaints within 5 working days, however please note that som e complaints may take longer to investigate especially matters to do with international orders.Managing records and data.Widgets collects alot of data of customers including physical addresses, names,date of cede and many more information. The Customer service research officer is responsible for keeping the data securely and is sorted by our secure information engineering science section. The Privacy Act 1988(the Act)governs the obligations and responsibilities of companies in relation to the management of official records. Under this Act, each company has an obligation to maintain official records in its fetter in good order and condition. This obligation applies not only to the capture, storage, maintenance and disposal of physical records, but also to records in electronic format. Widget policy is governed by this act and all measures necessary are taken to ensure that compliance is maintained.

Lab- a/P Classification of Body Membranes

Classification of Body Membranes Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0010-00-01 Lab repOrt assistantThis document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiments questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Purpose What is the conception of this exercise? ?Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken.Exercise 1 The Microscopic Structure of Cutaneous Membranes ObservatiOns picture your observations from the microscope slide in the lab report assistant. Indicate the keratinized layer on the sketch and describe the observed structures and cells. QuestiOns A. What is keratin? B. Why is the skin keratinized?Exercise 2 The Microscopic Structur e of Mucous Membranes ObservatiOns Draw and describe the structures you observed of the following slides A. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea B. Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) of the esophagus C. truthful columnar epithelium (duodenum) of the small intestine QuestiOns A. Compare and contrast the roles of the three mucous membranes. B. What is the role of mucous in the tree trunk?Exercise 3 spy Synovial Membrane ObservatiOns Data Table 1 Observing Synovial Membrane Tissue Types (epithelial/ Membrane connective) Common Location Functions Cutaneous Mucous serous Synovial QuestiOns A. What is the function of the synovial membrane? B. Rheumatoid arthritis results in part from an infection and immune response in the synovial membrane. What effect does this have on the ability of this membrane to carry out its functions? C. Complete Data Table 1 under observations.Conclusion Research pleurisy, peritonitis, and pericarditis. What are these conditions and how do they affect homeostasis in the body?Experiment ClassifiCation of Body MeMBranes 86 Hands-On Labs, Inc. www. LabPaq. com