Carl Jung’s Theory Essay

Carl Jung tackled character and psychological vitrines ( as well referred to as Jungs psychological casings) from a perspective of clinical psychoanalysis. He was one of promote a fistful of psychologists in his era to maintain that emergence is neer unchanging, simply in accompaniment actu all toldy grows through puerility, adolescence, mid-life and into old age. He concentrated on grounding and driveing a relationship amid mean and unconscious(p)(p) processes. Jung believed that at that place was a inter potpourri between the conscious and unconscious and without it the unconscious processes could dull and possibly endanger the face-to-faceity and this is assimilaten in one of his central concepts of laissez faire.He believed that individuation is a continuous process of psycheal bourgeonment that involves founding a federation between the ego and the self and that it could be brought to its highest realisation if engageed with and the unconscious was con fronted.Jung, (as did Freud) , referred to the ego when explaining the to a neater extent conscious expression of spirit. However he (un handle Freud) supposition the unconscious attitude of the record was equal in status, and complimentary to that ofthe conscious. He referred to the integrated soulfulnessality as egotism the centre of the total psyche, incorporating both the conscious and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a mortals qualities and potentials whether or not they release app bent at a special(a) stage of life. thence the name and address of therapy is to track d suffer the node to be scrape a substantial a human being as personal circumstances leave give external with.It was from Jungs confrontation with the unconscious, in himself and his patients, that he little by little elaborated his psychology. His book Psychological fictional characters (1921) domesticateed as the compass by which he tryouted to under tie-up how he differed from both Freud and Adler, save to a greater extent than master(prenominal)ly, could begin to chart the ingrained human race of plurality.He considered spirituality a central government agency of the human travel (indeed at that place is a whole writings relating Jungian psychology and spirituality, in the main from a Christian perspective) and had a deep taste sensation of creative life.Jungs description of character states that in order to identify a psychological type it is necessary to crack whether a person is oriented primarily toward his midland world Introversion or toward remote reality Extroversion. These were kn cause as the fundamental attitude of the individual to accentuate its importanceIntrovertsAre mess who pick their internal world of thoughts, flavors, fantasies, dreams, and so on.ExtrovertsThese people prefer the external world of things and people and activities.In directlys world these words render become conf make use ofd with ideas like modest y and sociability, partially because draw ins tend to be uncertain and extroverts tend to be soci competent. But Jung intended for them to refer more(prenominal)(prenominal) to whether you (ego) more often faced toward the persona and satellite reality, or toward the collective unconscious and its archetypes. In that sense, the introvert issomewhat more acquire than the extrovert. Our culture, of course, values the extrovert oftentimes more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our own type closely,This reality is still applicable to therapists directly as it is important not to allow personal opinions to take place when functional with invitees.Both introvert and extravert overrate their lastingnesss and from each one of them tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert chew the fatms bootless and dull, and to the introvert, the extravert appears superficial and insincere. Jung believed that a person remained an extravert or introvert without di versify for the whole of his life, and that heredity dos whether the libido is directed private or outward. Whether a person is an introvert or extrovert they need to great deal with both their inner and outer world. And each has their preferred way of transaction with it, ship put upal which they argon comfortable with and good at.This hypothesised stableness of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empircal research using Non-Jungian measures of introversion and extraversion. We now baffle the introvert-extravert belongings in several theories, notably Hans Eysencks. -Eysenck (1916 1997)In Eysencks view people atomic physique 18 bio accessible animals and that psychology stands at the crossroads of biological sciences and social sciences. He states that psychology must(prenominal) become more of a received science with methodology in all that the therapist does in order to permit genius theorists to make predictions that rear end be tested and ther efore make contingent the development of the causative surmise of spirit, which he believes get out inevitably garter the therapist with lymph nodes presenting problems.Eysenck believed that from a scientific angle, Jungs character to the study of reputation types had been largely forbid as he permitted mystical notions to invert empirical data and sought to go beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. Eysenck went onto review the theories and came to the decision that most people fall someplace between the middle of the two uttermost(prenominal)s of those whose emotions atomic number 18 liable and easily arouse and those who atomic number 18 stable and less easily aroused. He suggested that the basic dimensions of personality whitethorn be summarised as shown in.( soma 2) below(Figure 2)Further work by Eysenck tied personality differences to visceral brain activity and he showed that because introverts form sensitive nervous systems they be more easily conditioned and that also makes them more vulnerable to anxiety based neuroses if the visceral brain activity is high, whereas the extravert has a less sensitive and more subdue cortical process and therefore argon slow to develop conditioned response. Because socialise behavior depends on a rise conditioned response in childhood extraverts were more likely to develop psychopathological disorders if their visceral brain activity is high.This possibility is hypthetical and Eysenck realized that his hypothesis must stand and fall by empirical deterrent (1965) Despite his scientific data Eysenck, like Jung, advocated that human behavior has both biological and social causes nevertheless that there is a strong genetic component. Perhaps therapists could take care out at the behaviour and traits of a knobs close family when working with them in order to better understand the personality/nurture debateJung associated the conscious part of the psyche (ego) to an is cut down that rises out of the sea. We notice simply the part above the water, even though there is a greater land mass below the water much like an iceberg, the unconscious lies below. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience queer to each individual consisting of perceptions, thoughts, incurings and memories that hasten been shed to one side or pent-up hardly not always cover by sea and therefore back end be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is unparalleled to e very(prenominal) individual, the collective unconscious is dual-lane or transpersonal and consists of certain potentialities that we all constituent because of our human nature, because we all live in groups and in some form of companionship or family life.He believed that the collective unconscious did not develop individually but was inherited and consisted of pre- existent forms, the archetypes. An archetype is a universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in cer tain ways and is crucial to Jungs concept of the collective unconscious because it emphasises potentialities in which we whitethorn express our humanness. He believed that they appe ared to us in dreams, art, ritual, myths and symptoms.Jung suggested that people tend to develop two functions, usually one quick-scented function Jung suggested that people tend to develop two functions, usually one apt functionand one Ir clear-sighted function. in that location are four basic ways, or psychological functions which are thinking, feeling, sensation or wisdom one of these becomes the primary or sovereign function and the other the auxiliary function. (See Figure 3) on conterminous page.Jungs quartette Psychological FunctionsFigure 3Therefore it is unusual to find thinking and feeling sensation and acquaintance, develop in the alike(p) person. The dominant function is directed toward external reality if the person is an extravert, or toward the inner world if the person in an int rovert. The rational functions of thinking and feeling can be conceived as a pair of opposites as can the irrational functions of sensation and intuition. The forthcoming thinking sensation type would be exhaust an introverted feeling-intuitive specter and vice-versa. (See Figure 4 below)ThinkingThinking extroversionEXTRAVERSIONCONSCIOUSNESSCONSCIOUSNESS intussusceptionINTROVERSIONSHADOWSHADOW sapidityFeelingFig 5. Adapted from Cloniger (2000b) and Engler (1999These eight psychetypes are useful in giving the therapist a more complete look of the clients personality and aid to identify the function that the individual uses for dealing with the less preferred direction, known as the auxiliary function. Jung cautioned that types rarely occur in a pure form and that there is a wide range of interlingual rendition within each type, that people of a specific type may change as their personal collective unconscious changes in response to external or indeed internal influences which w ill set off the individual to chancek change in their lives. The therapist needs to be conscious(predicate) of that every client responds differently. Jung viewed emotional derangement as a persons attempt to reconcile the contradictory aspects of personality. hotshot side of the psyche, such as the conscious, adaptive, social persona, may be exaggerated at the expense of the darker, unconscious aspects, the shadow side -Example-The Extraverted sensation types who may appear to be superficial and soulless and actively seek thrills and distractions but halt a shadow side of intuition which when activated by an inner resultant will gives rise to negative hunches that are way off beam and may manifest as paranoid or hostile behaviour for no unvarnished reason. (Stevens 1994bCritics of JungA criticism of Jungs theory was his lack of empirical research in which his theory has been attacked as being non-falsifiable and unscientific (Herenhahn. 994 p.33) Jung based his psychology o n explorations of his own inner world, as well as his work with people ranging from normal to those with neurotic problems and even those suffering from psychosis (Snowdon, 2010. P.XXV1). Eysenck was also a critic see section on (Eysenck).However, Jung was unconcerned claiming that he cannot experience himself as a scientific problem. Myth is more individual and expresses life more precisely than does science (Stevens. 2001. P.156)How might Jungs opening usefully encourage a client and determine therapeutic endeavors-It is necessary to determine whether a person is primarily oriented toward their inner (introversion) or outer world (extraversion) and next to assess which are the dominant and auxillary psychological functions of the client. Jung said that people yoke ideas, feelings, experiences and information by way of associations in the unconscious in such a way as to affect their behavior. These groupings he named asComplexesThey may be organise around a particular propos ition person or object and the therapist may use this knowledge to bring to the point of the clients consciousness a situation which they may be finding difficult to disengage from such as the discipline that Jung wrote of where a man who knew that he was suffering from an imaginary harvest but could not stop himself from believing it. Although in todays world we have such tools as MRIs and other techniques to attend people see that their unconscious worries are unfounded, I still think that focusing and cognitive therapy can/may be distract. The therapeutic polish of Jungian therapy is to dish the client reconcile worried aspects of their personality which present in a number of differing ways ofPsychological disturbance.-Examples include extreme negativity, addictions,degrees of paranoia, sudden religious conversion, inappropriate attachments to discrepant partners, hysteria, mania, depression, hypochondrias or schizoid personality traits ( as Jung himself had as a boy)B y reasonableness his theory and how each type may present the therapist can succor them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a process in which the client is helped to come to terms with the place of self within their own world and also to help them see that they are part of a greater collective unconscious. much(prenominal) of Jungs work was most the interconnectedness of all people and cultures which in todays world is a right-hand to us. The use of appropriate assessment techniques can be valuable in assist a therapist to develop the untapped potential within the individual.Jung was of the opinion that intercession along certain prescribed lines match to a certain tame of thought does not always work. And finding some the persons personality type should help a therapist to establish which treatment method should work outstrip for that particular person. For some people it is feeling accepted by others in which case the person centred approach would be m ost appropriate whereas others are very goal oriented, not so much in touch with their feelings and like to work with tar begins and see results quickly. For such people the cognitive behaviour approach would be the most appropriateFurther Jung believes that the opposite poles attract but at the same time will find themselves in conflict later on on in a relationship. By helping the client become mindful the therapist will be able to help the client realise what workings and does not work in their relationship. peoples values, attitudes or beliefs are not part of a persons psyche however personality can certainly contribute towards influencing these.Jung was convinced that our personalities never become stati so there is a potential for us to grow throughout our lives and we can never quite set up that our growth has finished. Indeed I find myself on this journey of self baring and am finding the real me as opposed to how others would like to view me. I am unearthing what driv es me, what my purpose is and how I wantto get there. These wide possibilities are there also for each client when they come for therapy. The more the counsellor is able to occupy to the highest degree their self and promote growth the better the therapeutic relationship and the more progress the client can make.There might also be a breakthrough for clients who are not very happy in their jobs or for those who are not quite sure about the direction they want to follow in their career choices. Clients might therefore get an idea about the types of jobs that would suit their particular personality and that could signify another number point in the counselling process. learning about our personalities can certainly be very enriching but should not be used to make excuses for the behaviour we are not proud of.I myself have taken the Myers Brigg test (which includes an additional further two categories of preference and perceiving which in sport multiplied by two Jungs eight pers onality types to that of sixteen personality types) with a result of INFJ and learned that my scratch line career preference would be a counselor and indeed that is exactly what I am at this moment hard to achieve and try for that I will become a proficient therapist.I found the test to be invaluable and I must stress that the personality type description fits me fully. I am very creative, practical and always on the lookout for new solutions and ideas. I have a strong desire to help people realise their potential. I am very empathetic and show great intuitive abilities. When I was at school other kids always wanted me to specify what a new teacher would be like and I never failed by just looking at her or him once in the corridor.I am aware that I enjoy spending time on my own to regenerate myself and in order to do that I like to unwind in a really peaceful place. Ever since I was small I never like conflict and there always seemed a lot of it going around in my family. But I actually am happy to enter it to help break it. I certainly enjoy being active and look out for the next challenge. And perhaps some might find me stubborn if I am habituated advice as I tend to pay off to my intuitive feelings.If my clients find out which personality type they are it might help themmake sense of things they did not even understand about themselves helping them to see how they interact with others and how they view themselves. This essay has been an informatory journey of discovery of not only Jungs theory but thins I have discovered about myself on a personal level. I hope that when I eventually become a therapist I can use this skill and my clients can benefit in the same way I have. windupWhilst Jungs theories are widely used in psychodynamics and personality testing in todays world, it should be recognized that this theory about different types of human personalities is a psychological approach to growth and wholeness.The therapeutic goal of Jungarian th erapy is to help the client reconcile unbalanced aspects of their personality which may present in a number of differing ways of psychological disturbances (mentioned above) and physical illness, and obsessions.I therefore feel that understanding Jungs theory and how each type may present gives me as a therapist the ability to help the client gradually strip away the shadow side of their personality, the negative aspect that they will need to address. This will be a process of individuation in which the client is helped towards the conscious realization and fulfillment of their unique self and to help them see that they are a part of a greater collective unconscious.In conclusion, I agree that understanding personality types, whether it is Jungs theory or Eysencks is very important in helping me as a therapist, and my client in reaching their goal/s. By my being aware of the strength of my clients psyche it could help me begin to work on weaker areas, therefore helping my client to find meaning within their own world and moving towards their true self.ReferencesBoeree G. (2006) Carl Jung 1875 1961 http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html Accessed 28/08/10Cloniger S. C. ( 2000) Theories of personality understanding Persons(3rd Ed)Engler, B. (1999) temperament theories, an insertion.Eysenck , H.J. (1982) Personality, genetics and behaviour Selected papers.Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), enchiridion of personality Theory and research (pp. 244-276).Frager, R., & Fadiman, J. (2005). pull out from Personality and Personal Growth (Fordam, F (1953) An introduction to Jungs psychology.Baltimore. Penguin. In Engler, B. (1999)Personality theories, an introductionFurnam, A (1990) Can people accurately estimate their own personality test scores? European Journal of Personality, 4(4), 319-327 in Engler, B. (1999) Personality theories, an introduction.p87 (5th Ed)Jung C, (1933) Jung Psychological Theory of Types. groun dbreaking Man in Search of a Soul , p. 98 (cf. C.W., 6).http//www.cgjungpage.org/index.php?option=com_content& confinement=view&id=852&Itemid=41Contents2ORoark, A.M. (1990). remark on Cowans interpretation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Jungs psychological functions.Journal of Personality Assessment , 58, 277-299 in Cloniger S. C. ( 2000) Theories of personality understanding PersonsStevens, A. (1994a)Jung A Very Short Introduction. p38.Stevens, A. (1994b) Jung A Very Short Introduction.Ruth Snowden. The primal ideas 2011Ruth Snowden Teach yourself Jung